Passage Three

　　The school is a complex social structure, existing in its own right yet surrounded by other groups which to some extent control and influence it. Individuals in a school are subject to a variety of pressures both within the school and outside 'it. What are these influences, and where do they originate?

　　There are four major elements which produce and receive influences: the teacher, the child, the school itself and the outer community. These four elements will influence and be / influenced by each other at many levels in a variety of ways. The teacher, for example, brings into the school all his own habits of mind, attitudes, beliefs, values, ways of doing things and seeing the world which he was inherited from the society in which he was brought up. These factors will influence the children, the school and the community outside. The child brings into. the school everything which he has learned in his family—habits, attitudes, beliefs etc. —and the teacher and the school will respond to these. The school itself is a social organization with special requirements of behavior, influenced by the generally accepted values and traditions of education, built up over the years. Both the child and the teacher must adapt themselves to these. The school influences the wider community around it, both by producing the manpower with the skills needed by society, and by shaping the beliefs and attitudes of the young entering society. As for the community, it influences the actual organization of the school through such groups as gov?ernors, parent—teacher associations, administrators etc., and in a less formal way, it is rep?resented by those working in the school, the children, the teachers and the servicing staff.

　　With all these factors in mind, it is obvious that schools may differ greatly according to the nature of the community which they serve. Every area has its own geographical, eco?nomic and historical character which may be reflected in the school. For example, a school serving a community which is dominated by one major industry may need to organize itself according to the expectations of job opportunities which will be available to the children as they leave to find work. A school in a remote rural area may be slanted in a different di?rection. Similarly, the presence in the neighborhood of one particular social class, race or religion may be reflected in the school.

　　41. By saying "the school is a complex social structure, " the author means that ___.

　　A. the school is existing in a complex society

　　B. the school is organized in much the same way that the society is organized

　　C. the school is always controlled by influential individuals

　　D.the school is always influenced by the people within and outside it

　　42. According to the author, the teacher of a school must _____ .

　　A. understand the nature of the outer community

　　B. respect the children's habits, attitudes, beliefs, etc.

　　C. meet the behavioural requirements of the school

　　D. acquire the skills needed by the society

　　43 .The community influences the organization of school through____.

　　A. administrators and governors

　　B. teachers and children

　　C. those working in the school

　　D. all of the above

　　44. Which of the following may NOT be reflected in the school?

　　A. The expectations of job opportunities in the nearby industry.

　　B. The social gatherings in the neighborhood.

　　C. The geographical character of the community.

　　D. The religious belief of the community members.

　　45. From the passage we may draw the conclusion that ______.

　　A. the four elements often influence the social structure

　　B. the four elements are usually inseparable

　　C. the four elements always affect each other

　　D. the four elements may be dominated by the major industry in the community

　　Passage Four

　　In 1993, New York State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage containers. Within a year, consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles. Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new products, but because few could figure out what to do with the plastic, much of it wound up buried in landfills. The problem was not limited to New York. Unfortunately, there were too few uses for second |hand plastic.

　　Today, one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled in the United States. The reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them into fence posts, paint brushes, etc.

　　As the New York experience shows, recycling involves more than simply separating valuable materials from the rest of the rubbish. A discard remains a discard until somebody figures out how to give it a second life — and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value. Without adequate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling, throwaways actually depress prices for used materials.

　　Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling. In many areas, the East Coast especially, recycling is already the least expensive waste-management option. For every ton of waste recycled, a city avoids paying for its disposal, which, in parts of New York, amounts to savings of more than $100 per ton. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.

　　46. What regulation was issued by New York State concerning beverage containers?

　　A. Beverage companies should be responsible for collecting and reusing discarded plastic soda bottles.

　　B. Throwaways should be collected by the state for recycling.

　　C. A fee should be charged on used containers for recycling.

　　D. Consumers had to pay for beverage containers and could get their money back on returning them.

　　47. The returned plastic bottles in New York used to ________.

　　A. end up somewhere underground

　　B. be turned into raw materials

　　C. have a second life value

　　D. be separated from other rubbish

　　48. The key problem in dealing with returned plastic beverage containers is ________.

　　A. to sell them at a profitable price

　　B. how to turn them into useful things

　　C. how to reduce their recycling costs

　　D. to lower the prices for used materials

　　49. Recycling has become the first choice for the disposal of rubbish because ________.

　　A. local governments find it easy to manage

　　B. recycling has great appeal for the jobless

　　C. recycling causes little pollution

　　D. other methods are more expensive

　　50. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.

　　A. rubbish is a potential remedy for the shortage of raw materials

　　B. local governments in the U.S. can expect big profits from recycling

　　C. recycling is to be recommended both economically and environmentally

　　D. landfills will still be widely used for waste disposal

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