requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.

　　31. It is implied that fifty years ago ________.

　　A) eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories

　　B) twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees

　　C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers

　　D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers（D）

　　32. According to the passage, with the development of modern industry, ________.

　　A) factory labourers will overtake intellectual employees in number

　　B) there are as many middle-class employees as factory labourers

　　C) employers have attached great importance to factory labourers

　　D) the proportion of factory labourers in the total employee population has decreased（D）

　　33. The word “dubious” (L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means ________.

　　A) valuable

　　B) useful

　　C) doubtful

　　D) helpful（C）

　　34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is ________.

　　A) less importance than awareness of being a good employee

　　B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations

　　C) more important than employer-employee relations

　　D) more important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization（A）

　　35. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one ________.

　　A) to be more successful in his career

　　B) to be more specialized in his field

　　C) to solve technical problems

　　D) to develop his professional skill（A）

　　Passage Two

　　We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours’ sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.

　　The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

　　The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence (发生率) of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.

　　This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.

　　36. Why is the question of “how easily people can get used to working at night” not a mere academic question?

　　A) Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.

　　B) Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

　　C) Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.

　　D) Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.（D）

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