难句分析：
难句1 No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ‘amateur’does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.
［分析］第一个句子的主干是“No... distinction can be drawn between...”，冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless，表示语意的转折，其主句是“the word ‘amateur’does carry a connotation...”，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个并列谓语。
［译文］在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规则都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确包含这样的意义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。
难句2 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
［分析］此句中两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend，两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated。前一个分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰areas of science。
［译文］特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。
难句3 Acomparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
［分析］此句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half（中心词为a comparison），谓语是reveals，宾语主体结构是not simply... but also...所连接的两个并列宾语，注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。
［译文］对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断变化。
难句4 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
［分析］此句主干是“The... result has been to do sth.”。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其核心词是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。
［译文］其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。
文章类型：自然科学——科学史
这篇文章的主题为科学知识的专门化（specialization）与专业化（professionalisation）。
